The research elaborates various solutions using detailed economic evaluation and energy efficiency calculation and simulation technology for formulating applicable, energy and cost-efficient retrofit solutions of single-family residential buildings located in temperate climate areas. Installation at multiple walls can be preferable to attain more uniform conditions. Numerical simulations at room level showed that locating the system at one wall leads to a non-homogeneous thermal environment. However, the surface temperature was non-uniform, which should be considered to prevent local condensation. The difference between water and average surface temperature was small, up to 7.0☌ at the peak output of 100 W/m², which benefits the energy source efficiency. These qualities may present an advantage compared to systems with pipes coupled to a conductive core which require insulation and have longer response times. The low-conductivity core substantially reduced thermal losses meaning that the system can properly function even without thermal insulation. The thermal response was fast despite the coupling of the pipe with the bricks the time constant τ63 was 0.5 h. Thermal output and response, wall surface and cross-section temperature, and water temperature were measured under a range of thermal loads. Besides walls, the design tested can be also used for ceilings. This system is especially suitable for building retrofit due to its affordability and ease of installation but can be also applied in new buildings. Enhancing the wall performance by PCM in the active layer, application of the wall systems in building retrofit, and alternating between the functions of heating, cooling, and TB present the biggest research opportunities and challenges.Ī radiant wall heating and cooling system with pipes attached to thermally insulating bricks was tested using climate chambers and a hotbox. Measurements to quantify the benefits of TB under real operation and refine the conditions under which various types of TB are feasible are lacking. Most of the studies about TB are based on calculations. Few studies focused on the economic and environmental aspects of using TB. For TB, the studies uniformly declare that TB reduce buildings’ thermal loads and energy demands. It was shown that in certain cases, radiant wall systems can be preferable to radiant floors and ceilings, but further comparisons would be useful to provide conclusive evidence. Benefits and drawbacks are summarized, and design recommendations are provided for the wall systems. A classification system is proposed separately for wall heating and cooling systems and TB based on the designs found in scientific literature. For TB, especially the working principle, types and designs, and performance are discussed. For space heating and cooling, the subtopics entail thermal performance, thermal comfort, renewable energy sources, use for building retrofit, and combination with phase change materials (PCM). The review gives a general overview of the research and groups it into subtopics that are discussed in detail. This study reviews water-based wall systems for space heating and cooling and thermal barriers (TB) for the reduction of buildings’ thermal load. Placing the pipe in a brick layer added to a conductive wall did not increase the heat storage capacity of the wall. Attaching a metal fin to a pipe embedded in insulation for a compact design led to the highest output of all cases studied. Attaching a metal fin to a pipe in plaster increased the output by as much as reducing the pipe spacing from 10 to 6 cm (14 W/m², i.e. A dense spacing maximized the system output per energy input by creating a uniform surface temperature while shortening the response time. ![]() ![]() The increase in output per 1 cm of pipe spacing was maximal at 6 cm. With an insulating core, insulation was not necessary even if the core was only 15 cm thin. With a conductive core, insulation thickness of up to 3 cm was appropriate for an internal wall. Heat transfer was computed using a validated numerical model. These systems are suitable for installation in retrofitted rooms, but the findings are also applicable to new buildings. ![]() This research focused on adapting the design of a ceiling and wall system with pipes underneath the surface and a wall system with the pipe embedded in a bricklayer. The application of radiant heating and cooling systems in building retrofit could facilitate the use of renewable energy sources in existing buildings.
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